Ukraine’s efforts to revive sea exports in defiance of Russia’s military blockade have given a glimmer of hope to a teetering farm sector in which loss-making producers are abandoning some land in one of the world’s biggest grain belts.
With no end in sight to the war with Russia, access to the Black Sea is critical if Ukraine is to preserve an agricultural industry that was the fourth-largest grain supplier globally before the conflict and in value terms accounted for half of Ukraine’s total exports last year.
While makeshift export routes and abundant supply elsewhere have tamed record global food prices since last year, the strain on Ukrainian agriculture has worsened as a UN-backed export deal collapsed and EU neighbours baulked at land shipments.
Agriculture has suffered losses of over $25 billion since the war began, Ukrainian grain trader association UGA estimates.
Ukraine’s grain exports so far in the 2023-24 season that started in July are running 28 per cent below the year-earlier volume, according to agriculture ministry data.
The area planted with corn, its flagship grain export, has shrunk by a quarter since the start of the war and total crop planting could suffer a double-digit decline in 2024, producers say, as cash-strapped farms leave some land idle.
A new Black Sea shipping channel may offer a lifeline, like for Ukraine’s depleted steel industry.
“The sea corridor is essential for Ukrainian farming to survive,” Jean-Francois Lepy, head of grain trading at French agribusiness group InVivo, said.
“Without a corridor there is going to be a serious problem in 2024-25,” he said on the sidelines of this month’s Global Grain conference in Geneva.
The “humanitarian corridor” established by Ukraine’s military in late August has expanded steadily, with Kyiv estimating over 3 million tonnes of grain shipped so far.
Its future remains clouded by military risks, with several vessels struck by mines or missiles, but Ukrainian producers are encouraged.
“It gives us breakeven because before the ports opened almost everyone was loss-making,” Dmitry Skornyakov, CEO of farm operator HarvEast.
Ukrainian producers see scope to reach 2-2.5m tonnes of monthly grain exports through the corridor, which combined with volumes through land routes and transhipment via the Danube river could bring overall trade back towards a pre-war rhythm of 5-6m tonnes per month.
Spike Brokers, which tracks exports in Ukraine, said on Nov. 1-17 Ukraine exported 404,000 tonnes of agricultural goods via the Danube and 352,000 tonnes from Black Sea ports. An additional 943,000 tonnes should leave from Black Sea ports and 464,000 tonnes from the Danube by the month-end.
“The situation in the coming months will be better than in September and October, as large ships are starting to arrive and the number of insurance companies that insure risks is growing,” said Denys Marchuk, deputy head of the Agrarian Council, Ukraine’s largest agribusiness group.
Some in the market are cautious given the still perilous security situation. A Russian missile strike on port infrastructure in Odesa on November 21 added to a series of attacks on Ukraine’s Black Sea and Danube grain ports.
Despite expansion at Romania’s Constanta port, trade via the EU remains dogged by logistical bottlenecks and tensions with Kyiv’s neighbours. Border protests by Polish lorry drivers have slowed food exports this month.
The new growing season could be a tipping point.
Winter wheat sowing will be down almost 10pc on year, Ukraine’s agriculture ministry estimates, with a dry start to autumn adding to farmers’ problems.
HarvEast plans to leave uncultivated more than 10pc of the 34,000 hectares it currently operates as it sacrifices less fertile fields seen as generating more losses, Skornyakov said, forecasting a general trend of 10-20pc of unplanted land next year versus 3-5pc this year.
Yuriy Stelmakh, a grower in northern Ukraine, said his farm drilled 30pc less area with winter crops due to a lack of funds.
Ukraine’s agri-food industry is trying to adapt. Farmers have planted more oilseed crops like sunflower that can offer better margins, while high world sugar prices and cheap local grain to feed poultry have spurred exports of those products.
But as the war drags on, the sector faces a lack of visibility, labour shortages and structurally low prices, said Roman Gorobets, director of FE ASTRA in central Ukraine.
A huge wheat surplus in Russia and record corn and soybean harvests in Brazil have helped the world adapt to stop-start Ukrainian exports. A trade gap may be felt next year, though, if weather hits Brazilian crops and the Kremlin intervenes further in Russian exports.
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